When we think of Vikings, the image that usually comes to mind is that of a warrior with a horned helmet, round shield, and axe in hand, but to what extent is this representation faithful to historical reality?
We've previously talked about Viking helmets ; now it's time to focus on the famous horns (which weren't what we think they were) and the shields (which did play an essential role in the life of the Norse warrior).
Viking horns: a modern myth with ancient roots
In the aforementioned article on Viking Helmets, we already answered the much-anxious question: Did Viking helmets have horns? But in case you've forgotten, aren't convinced, or haven't yet read that article, the answer is: No.
Vikings did not wear horned helmets for combat. This image was created in the 19th century by operatic costumes for works such as Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung , and later popularized by films, cartoons, and costumes.
Horns on helmets would have been impractical and dangerous in combat, as they could easily get caught and offered attack points to the enemy.
But, even if it wasn't ornamentation on their combat attire, it doesn't mean that they didn't use horns in other aspects of their lives.
What horns did the Vikings use ?
The Vikings did use horns, but as drinking vessels.
Cattle horns were hollowed out, polished, and sometimes decorated for use as ceremonial or everyday vessels.
These drinking horns were symbols of hospitality; they were used at banquets, rituals, or celebrations.
Some were even decorated with runic engravings or ornamental metal bands.
Its use is well documented in archaeological finds and in ancient stories such as the Icelandic sagas.
The Viking shield: defense, identity and tactics
Contrary to the myth of horns adorning helmets, the shield was a real and essential element in the Viking warrior's armor. Its simple yet functional design evolved over time and had both defensive and symbolic value.
In terms of shape and materials, typical Viking shields were round, with a diameter of between 70 and 90 cm, and were generally made of linden wood, a light but strong material.
The edge of these could be reinforced with leather or iron, although not always.
Construction :
- The core was made up of planks joined and glued together, with a central handle at the back.
- In the center was the umbo: a hemispherical metal dome that protected the warrior's hand.
- Many shields were painted with bright colors and geometric or runic motifs to intimidate the enemy and represent the clan's identity.
Shield Combat Tactics
The shield was much more than a passive barrier:
- It was used to deflect blows, absorb impacts or even hit the opponent.
- Formations such as the shield wall ( skjaldborg ) were common in battle. Warriors would line up with their shields pressed against each other, creating a nearly impenetrable defensive line.
- In close combat, the shield allowed for continuous offensive and defensive maneuvers.
Shields as a cultural symbol
Viking shields weren't just tools of war. They were also symbols of status, belonging, and spirituality.
- Some shields accompanied the warrior in his tomb, decorated for the occasion.
- Shields have been found painted with crosses, snakes, wolves and dragons, all with protective or sacred meanings.
- The circular shape represented clan unity and eternity in Norse mythology.
Horns and shields in archaeology
Numerous discoveries have allowed us to reconstruct what Viking horns and shields looked like. Among these are:
Gallehus Horns (Denmark)
Although they predate the Viking period, the Gallehus horns are spectacular examples of ceremonial horns. They were crafted from solid gold, with runic inscriptions and depictions of mythological figures.
Coat of arms of Trelleborg (Denmark)
One of the few complete shields preserved; it was found at Trelleborg Fortress. Made of wood with leather remnants, it provides key information about the materials and manufacturing techniques.
Balanced reality and myth
While Viking horns have been misinterpreted by modern culture, Viking shields represent one of the most faithful and functional elements of the Norse warrior.
Both elements, although different in use and symbolism, are part of the rich material and mythological heritage of the Scandinavian peoples. And although the horned helmet did not exist in Viking history, the toasting horn and the battle shield did, and played a prominent role.
