The cinquedea, whose name means "five fingers" in Italian, due to the width of its blade at the handle, is a short Renaissance dagger that emerged in northern Italy between the 15th and 16th centuries. It is also known as the Ochsenzunge (ox tongue) in German-speaking countries, due to its wide, curved shape.
This weapon was very popular among the Italian upper classes, both for its functionality and its aesthetic symbolism. Its robust and decorative design made it a prominent piece of Renaissance civilian armory.
Origin and historical evolution
The Cinquedea was born in northern Italian city-states such as Florence, Venice and Milan, in a time of great cultural, political and artistic flourishing.
It was a short weapon designed to be carried in an accessible and visible manner, often as a status symbol.
Although it could be used in close combat, its primary function was self-defense in urban environments.
Its use continued until the mid-16th century, and was eventually replaced by lighter daggers or firearms. However, its shape and decoration have allowed many pieces to survive in European collections and museums.
Types and variants
There are different types of cinquedea depending on the season and region:
- Short Cinquedea : About 30 cm long, designed to be easily hidden.
- Long Cinquedea : With leaves up to 50 cm long, very decorative and used in ceremonies.
- German Ochsenzunge : Germanic variant, more robust and with straighter shapes.
- Parade Cinquedea : Ornamented with engravings and gold parts, more symbolic than functional.
Some versions included Latin or allegorical inscriptions, mythological motifs, and handles made of bone or carved wood; the ornamentation is in many cases exquisite.
Parts of the cinquedea
- Blade : Broad, triangular, and progressively thinner toward the tip. It has longitudinal grooves for reinforcement.
- Spike : Inserted into the handle; supports the entire structure.
- Grip : Often made of wood or bone, sometimes decorated with engravings or gems.
- Garrison : Simple, without great protection; its function was more aesthetic than defensive.
- Pommel : Small and rounded, used to balance the weapon.
Cleaning and conservation
Cinquedea are highly prized collector's items. They require careful maintenance:
- Gentle Cleaning : Use a dry cloth or one slightly dampened with isopropyl alcohol.
- Avoid abrasives : Do not use metal brushes or aggressive products that could damage the engravings.
- Protection against humidity : Store in a dry place, using silica bags if necessary to protect it.
- Occasional Oiling : Apply a very thin coat of mineral oil to the blade to prevent rust.
- Do not disassemble : As these are antique and delicate pieces, it is best not to attempt to separate parts without professional assistance.
The edge of Italian art
The cinquedea was more than a dagger; it represented the Italian Renaissance spirit: art, elegance, and functionality.
Its wide and ornate design made it a piece of both personal defense and social prestige.
Today, it is a jewel of museums and private collections, a reflection of the military refinement of an era marked by the balance between war and culture.
